FREQUENCIES
ALLOCATED TO RADIO ASTRONOMY
USED BY THE DSN

FOOTNOTES FROM WRC-95 RELEVANT TO RADIO ASTRONOMY AND PASSIVE USES OF SPACE RESEARCH AND THE EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE

MOD S5.149
In making assignments to stations of other services to which the bands:

13360-13410	kHz,
25550-25670	kHz,
37.5-38.25	MHz,
73-74.6	MHz in Regions 1and 3,
79.75-80.25	MHz in Region 3,
150.05-153	MHz in Region 1,
322-328.6	MHz*,
406.1-410	MHz,
608-614	MHz in Regions 1 and 3,
1330-1400	MHz*,
1610.6-1613.8	MHz*,
1660-1670	MHz,
1718.8-1722.2	MHz*,
2655-2690	MHz,
3260-3267	MHz*,
3332-3339	MHz*,
3345.8-3352.5	MHz*,
4825-4835	MHz*,
4950-4990	MHz,
4990-5000	MHz,
6650-6675.2	MHz*,
10.6-10.68	GHz,
14.47-14.5	GHz*,
22.01-22.21	GHz*,
22.21-22.5	GHz,
22.81-22.86	GHz*,
23.07-23.12	GHz*,
31.2-31.3	GHz,
31.5-31.8	GHz in Regions 1 and 3,
36.43-36.5	GHz*,
42.5-43.5	GHz,
42.77-42.87	GHz*,
43.07-43.17	GHz*,
43.37-43.47	GHz*,
48.94-49.04	GHz*,
72.77-72.91	GHz*,
93.07-93.27	GHz*,
97.88-98.08	GHz*,
140.69-140.98	GHz*,
144.68-144.98	GHz*,
145.45-145.75	GHz*,
146.82-147.12	GHz*,
150-151	GHz*,
174.42-175.02	GHz*,
177-177.4	GHz*,
178.2-178.6	GHz*,
181-181.46	GHz*,
186.2-186.6	GHz*,
250-251	GHz*,
257.5-258	GHz*,
261-265	GHz,
262.24-262.76	GHz*,
265-275	GHz,
265.64-266.16	GHz*,
267.34-267.86	GHz*,
271.74-272.26	GHz*

are allocated (* indicates radio astronomy use for spectral line observations), administrations are urged to take all practicable steps to protect the radio astronomy service from harmful interference. Emissions from spaceborne or airborne stations can be particularly serious sources of interference to the radio astronomy service (see Nos. S4.5 and S4.6 and Article S29).

NOC S5.339
The bands 1370-1400 MHz, 2640-2655 MHz, 4950-4990 MHz and 15.20-15.35 GHz are also allocated to the space research (passive) and earth exploration-satellite (passive) services on a secondary basis.

(MOD) S5.340
All emissions are prohibited in the following bands:
1400-1427 MHz,
2690-2700 MHz except those provided for by Nos. S5.421 and S5.422,
10.68-10.7 GHz except those provided for by No. S5.483,
15.35-15.4 GHz except those provided for by No. S5.511,
23.6-24 GHz,
31.3-31.5 GHz,
31.5-31.8 GHz in Region 2,
48.94-49.04 GHz from airborne stations,
51.4-54.25 GHz,
58.2-59 GHz,
64-65 GHz,
86-92 GHz,
105-116 GHz,
140.69-140.98 GHz from airborne stations and from space stations in the space-to-Earth direction,
182-185 GHz except those provided for by No. S5.563,
217-231 GHz.

NOC S5.341
In the bands 1400-1727 MHz, 101-120 GHz and 197-220 GHz, passive research is being conducted by some countries in a programme for the search for intentional emissions of extraterrestrial origin.

NOC S5.361
Alternative allocation: in Australia, Canada and Mexico, the band 1555-1559 MHz is allocated to the mobile-satellite (space-to-Earth) service, the band 1656.5-1660 MHz is allocated to the mobile-satellite (Earth-to-space) service, and the band 1660-1660.5 MHz is allocated to the mobile-satellite (Earth-to-space) and the radio astronomy services, on a primary basis.

NOC S5.362
Alternative allocation: in Argentina and the United States, the band 1555-1559 MHz is allocated to the mobile-satellite (space-to-Earth) service, the band 1656.5-1660 MHz is allocated to the mobile-satellite (Earth-to-space) service, and the band 1660-1660.5 MHz is allocated to the mobile-satellite (Earth-to-space) and radio astronomy services, on a primary basis subject to the following conditions: the aeronautical mobile-satellite (R) service shall have priority access and immediate availability over all other mobile-satellite communications within a network operating under this provision; mobile-satellite systems shall be interoperable with the aeronautical mobile-satellite (R) service; account shall be taken of the priority of safety-related communications in the other mobile-satellite services.

NOC S5.372
Harmful interference shall not be caused to stations of the radio astronomy service using the band 1610.6-1613.8 MHz by stations of the radiodetermination-satellite and mobile-satellite services. (No. S29.13 applies.)

ADD S5.379A
Administrations are urged to give all practicable protection in the band 1660.5-1668.4 MHz for future research in radio astronomy, particularly by eliminating air-to-ground transmissions in the meteorological aids service in the band 1664.4-1668.4 MHz as soon as practicable.

(MOD) S5.421
Additional allocation: in Germany and Austria, the band 2690-2695 MHz is also allocated to the fixed service on a primary basis. Such use is limited to equipment in operation by 1 January 1985.

MOD S5.422
Additional allocation: in Saudi Arabia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Georgia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malaysia, Malawi, Mali, Morocco, Mauritania, Moldova, Mongolia, Nigeria, Oman, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, the Philippines, Qatar, Syria, Kyrgyzstan, Romania, Russia, Singapore, Somalia, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire and Zambia, the band 2690-2700 MHz is also allocated to the fixed and mobile, except aeronautical mobile, services on a primary basis. Such use is limited to equipment in operation by 1 January 1985.

MOD S5.483
Additional allocation: in Saudi Arabia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cameroon, China, Colombia, the Republic of Korea, Costa Rica, Cuba, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, Georgia, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Moldova, Mongolia, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Qatar, Kyrgyzstan, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Romania, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Yemen and Yugoslavia, the band 10.68-10.7 GHz is also allocated to the fixed and mobile, except aeronautical mobile, services on a primary basis. Such use is limited to equipment in operation by 1 January 1985.

MOD S5.511
Additional allocation: in Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cameroon, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, Guinea, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Israel, Kuwait, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Lebanon, Libya, Pakistan, Qatar, Syria, Slovenia, Somalia and Yugoslavia, the band 15.35-15.4 GHz is also allocated to the fixed and mobile services on a secondary basis.

ADD S5.511A Use of the band 15.4-15.7 GHz by the fixed-satellite service (space-to-Earth) is limited to feeder links of non-geostationary systems in the mobile-satellite service, subject to coordination under No. S9.11bis. Emissions from a non-geostationary space station shall not exceed the power flux-density limits at the Earth's surface of -146 dB(W/m2/MHz) in the bands 15.4-15.45 GHz and 15.65-15.7 GHz, and -111 dB(W/m2/MHz) in the band 15.45-15.65 GHz, for all angles of arrival. These limits relate to the power flux-density which would be obtained under assumed free-space propagation conditions. In the band 15.45-15.65 GHz, where an administration plans emissions from a non-geostationary space station that exceed -146 dB(W/m2/MHz) for all angles of arrival, it shall coordinate with affected administrations. Moreover, harmful interference shall not be caused to stations of the radio astronomy service using the band 15.35-15.4 GHz. The threshold levels of interference and associated power flux-density limits which are detrimental to the radio astronomy service are given in Recommendation ITU-R RA.769. The power flux-density limits and coordination threshold in this footnote shall apply, subject to review by ITU-R and based on the studies referred to in Resolution COM5-4 (WRC-95), until changed by a future competent world radiocommunication conference.

NOC S5.522
In making assignments to stations in the fixed and mobile services, administrations are invited to take account of passive sensors in the earth-exploration satellite and space research services operating in the band 18.6-18.8 GHz. In this band, administrations should endeavor to limit as far as possible both the power delivered by the transmitter to the antenna and the e.i.r.p. in order to reduce the risk of interference to passive sensors to the minimum.

NOC S5.523
In assigning frequencies to stations in the fixed-satellite service in the direction space-to-Earth, administrations are requested to limit as far as practicable the power flux-density at the Earth's surface in the band 18.6-18.8 GHz, in order to reduce the risk of interference to passive sensors in the earth exploration-satellite and space research services.

NOC S5.532
The use of the band 22.21-22.5 GHz by the earth exploration-satellite (passive) and space research (passive) services shall not impose constraints upon the fixed and mobile, except aeronautical mobile, services.

NOC S5.544
In the band 31-31.3 GHz the power flux-density limits specified in Article S21, Table [AR28] shall apply to the space research service.

MOD S5.545
Different category of service: in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Mongolia, Poland, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Ukraine, the allocation of the band 31-31.3 GHz to the space research service is on a primary basis (see No. S5.33).

NOC S5.555
Additional allocation: the bands 48.94-49.04 GHz, 97.88-98.08 GHz, 140.69-140.98 GHz, 144.68-144.98 GHz, 145.45-145.75 GHz, 146.82-147.12 GHz, 250-251 GHz and 262.24-262.76 GHz are also allocated to the radio astronomy service on a primary basis.

MOD S5.556
In the bands 51.4-54.25 GHz, 58.2-59 GHz, 64-65 GHz, 72.77-72.91 GHz and 93.07-93.27 GHz, radio astronomy observations may be carried out under national arrangements.

NOC S5.563
Additional allocation: in the United Kingdom, the band 182-185 GHz is also allocated to the fixed and mobile services on a primary basis.

	  International Telecommunications Union (ITU)

		 Radio Regulations (RR) 1982
					 
	Definitions Pertinent to Interference Protection
						 
		        December 1994


ARTICLE 1

2.1	Allocations (of a frequency band): Entry in the Table of
Frequency Allocations of a given frequency band for the purpose of its
use by one or more terrestrial or space radiocommunication services or
the radio astronomy service under specified conditions.  This term
shall also be applied to the frequency band concerned.

6.3	Class of Emission: The set of characteristics of an emission,
designated by standard symbols, e.g. type of modulation of the main
carrier, modulation signal, type of information to be transmitted, and
also if appropriate, any additional signal characteristics.

6.8	Out-of-band Emission*: Emission on a frequency or frequencies
immediately outside the necessary bandwidth which results from the
modulation process, but excluding spurious emissions.

6.9	Spurious Emission*: Emission on a frequency or frequencies which
are outside the necessary bandwidth and the level of which may be
reduced without affecting the corresponding transmission of
information.  Spurious emissions include harmonic emissions, parasitic
emissions, intermodulation products and frequency conversion products,
but exclude out-of-band emissions.

6.10	Unwanted Emissions*: Consist of spurious emissions and
out-of-band emissions.

6.16	Necessary Bandwidth: For a given class of emissions, the
width of the frequency band which is just sufficient to ensure the
transmission of information at the rate and with the quality required
under specified conditions.

6.17	Occupied Bandwidth: The width of a frequency band such that,
below the lower and above the upper frequency limits, the mean powers
emitted are each equal to a specified percentage /2 of the total mean
power of a given emission. Unless otherwise specified by the CCIR for
the appropriate class of emission, the value of /2 should be taken as
0.5%.

6.20	Power: Whenever the power of a radio transmitter etc. is
referred to it shall be expressed in one of the following forms,
according to the class of emission, using the arbitrary symbols
indicated:
	-  peak envelope power (PX or  X);
	-  mean power (PY or  Y);
	-  carrier power (PZ or  Z).

	For different classes of emission, the relationships between
peak envelope power, mean power and carrier power, under the
conditions of normal operation and of no modulation, are contained in
CCIR Recommendations which may be used as a guide.
	For use in formulae, the symbol denotes power expressed in
watts and the symbol denotes power expressed in decibels relative to a
reference level.

6.21	Peak Envelope Power (of a radio transmitter): The average
power supplied to the antenna transmission line by a transmitter
during one radio frequency cycle at the crest of the modulation
envelope taken under normal operating conditions.

6.22	Mean Power (of a radio transmitter): The average power
supplied to the antenna transmission line by a transmitter during an
interval of time sufficiently long compared with the lowest frequency
encountered in the modulation taken under normal operating conditions.

6.23	Carrier Power (of a radio transmitter): The average power
supplied to the antenna transmission line by a transmitter during one
radio frequency cycle taken under the condition of no modulation.

6.24	Gain of an Antenna: The ratio, usually expressed in decibels, of
the power required at the input of a loss-free reference antenna to
the power supplied to the input of the given antenna to produce, in a
given direction, the same field strength or the same power
flux-density at the same distance.  When not specified otherwise, the
gain refers to the direction of maximum radiation.  The gain may be
considered for a specified polarization.

Depending on the choice of the reference antenna a distinction is made
between:

	a) absolute or isotropic gain (Gi), when the reference antenna
	   is an isotropic antenna isolated in space:

	b) gain relative to a half-wave dipole (Gd), when the
	   reference antenna is a half-wave dipole isolated in space whose
	   equatorial plane contains the given direction:

	c) gain relative to a short vertical antenna (Gv), when the
	   reference antenna is a linear conductor, much shorter than
	   one quarter of the wavelength, normal to the surface of a
	   perfectly conducting plane which contains the given direction.

6.25	Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (e.i.r.p.): The
product of the power supplied to the antenna and the antenna gain in a
given direction relative to an isotropic antenna (absolute or
isotropic gain).

6.26	Effective Radiated Power (e.r.p.) (in a given direction): The
product of the power supplied to the antenna and its gain relative to
a half-wave dipole in a given direction.

7.1	Interference: The effect of unwanted energy due to one or a
combination of emissions, radiations, or inductions upon reception in
a radiocommunication system, manifested by any performance
degradation, misinterpretation, or loss of information which could be
extracted in the absence of such unwanted energy.

7.2	Permissible Interference: Observed or predicted interference
which complies with quantitative interference and sharing criteria
contained in these Regulations or in CCIR Recommendations or in
special agreements as provided for in these Regulations.

7.3	Accepted Interference: Interference at a higher level than
that defined as permissible interference and which has been agreed
upon between two or more administrations without prejudice to other
administrations.

7.4	Harmful Interference: Interference which endangers the
functioning of a radionavigation service or of other safety services
or seriously degrades, obstructs, or repeatedly interrupts a
radiocommunication service operating in accordance with these
Regulations.

7.6	Coordination Area: The area associated with an earth station
outside of which a terrestrial station sharing the same frequency band
neither causes nor is subject to interfering emissions greater than a
permissible level.

7.8	Coordination Distance: Distance on a given azimuth from an
earth station beyond which a terrestrial station sharing the same
frequency band neither causes nor is subject to interfering emissions
greater than a permissible level.


ARTICLE 6

6	For the purpose of resolving cases of harmful interference,
the radio astronomy services shall be treated as a radiocommunication
service.  However, protection from services in other bands shall be
afforded the radio astronomy service only to the extent that such
services are afforded protection from each other.